The History of the First Amendment

The First—and most well-known—Amendment of the Constitution reads: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This means that: The U.S. government cannot establish a certain religion for all its citizens. U.S. citizens  have the right to choose and practice what faith they want to follow, as long as their practice doesnt break any laws.The U.S. government cannot subject its citizens to rules and laws that prohibit them from speaking their minds, besides in exceptional cases such as dishonest testimony under oath.The press can print and circulate the news without fear of reprisal, even if that news is less than favorable regarding our country or government.U.S. citizens  have the right to gather toward common goals and interests without interference from the government or the authorities.U.S. Citizens can petition the government to suggest changes and voice concerns.   James Madison and the First Amendment James Madison was instrumental in drafting and advocating for both the ratification of the Constitution and the U.S. Bill of Rights. He is one of the Founding Fathers and is also nicknamed the father of the Constitution. While he is the one who wrote the Bill of Rights, and thus the First Amendment, he wasnt alone in coming up with these ideas nor did they happen overnight. Key Elements of Madison's Life Before 1789 Some important facts to know about James Madison are that even though he was born into a well-established family, he worked and studied his way into the political circles really hard. He became known between his contemporaries as the best informed man of any point in debate. He was one of the early supporters of the resistance to the British rule, which probably later reflected in the inclusion of the right to assembly in the First Amendment. In the 1770s and 1780s, Madison held positions on different levels of Virginias government and was a known supporter of the separation of church and state, also now included in the First Amendment. Madison's Journey Towards the Bill of Rights Even though he is the key person behind the Bill of Rights, when Madison was advocating for the new Constitution, he was against any amendments to it. On one hand, he did not believe that the federal government would ever become powerful enough to need any. And at the same time, he was convinced that establishing certain laws and liberties would allow the government to exclude the ones not explicitly mentioned. However, during his 1789 campaign to get elected into the Congress, in efforts to win his opposition—the anti-federalists—he finally promised he would advocate for adding amendments to the Constitution. When he was then elected into Congress, he followed through with his promise. At the same time, Madison was very close with Thomas Jefferson who was a strong proponent of civil liberties and many other aspects that are now part of the Bill of Rights. It is widely believed that Jefferson influenced Madisons views regarding this topic. Jefferson frequently gave Madison recommendations for political reading, especially from European Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke and Cesare Beccaria. When Madison was drafting the Amendments, it it likely that it wasnt solely because he was keeping his campaign promise, but he probably already believed in the need to protect individual liberties against the federal and state legislatures. When in 1789, he outlined 12 amendments, it was after reviewing over two hundred ideas proposed by different state conventions. Out of these, ultimately 10 were selected, edited, and finally accepted as the Bill of Rights. As one can see, there are many factors that played into the drafting and ratification of the Bill of Rights. The anti-federalists, along with Jeffersons influence, states proposals, and Madisons changing beliefs all contributed to the final version of the Bill of Rights. On an even larger scale, the Bill of Rights built on the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights, and the Magna Carta. The History of the First Amendment Similarly to the entire Bill of Rights, the language of the First Amendment comes from a variety of sources. Freedom of Religion As mentioned above, Madison was a proponent of the separation of church and state, and this is probably what translated into the first part of the Amendment. We also know that Jefferson—Madisons influence—was a strong believer of a person having the right to choose their faith, as to him religion was a matter which [lied] solely between Man and his God. Freedom of Speech With regards to the freedom of speech, it is safe to assume that Madisons education along with literary and political interests had a great effect on him. He studied at Princeton where a great focus was placed on speech and debate. He also studied the Greeks , who are known for valuing freedom of speech,too—that was the premise of Socrates and/or Platos work. In addition, we know that during his political career, especially when promoting the ratification of the Constitution, Madison was a great orator and gave an enormous number of successful speeches. This, along with similar to the free speech protections written into various state constitutions also inspired the language of the First Amendment. Freedom of the Press Besides his call-to-action speeches, Madisons eagerness for spreading ideas about the importance of the new Constitution also reflected in his vast contribution to the Federalist Papers—newspaper-published essays explaining to the general public the details of the Constitution and their relevance. Madison thus highly valued the importance of the uncensored circulation of ideas. Also, until the Declaration of Independence, British government imposed heavy censorship on the press which early governors upheld, but the Declaration defied. Freedom of Assembly Freedom of Assembly is closely associated with the freedom of speech. In addition, and as mentioned above, Madisons opinions about the need to resist the British rule likely played into inclusion of this freedom into the First Amendment as well. Right to Petition This right was established by the Magna Carta already in 1215 and was also reiterated in the Declaration of Independence when the colonists accused the British monarch of not having listened to their grievances. Overall, even though Madison wasnt the sole agent in the drafting of the Bill of Rights along with the First Amendment, he was unquestionably the most important actor in its coming to existence. One final point, however, that is not to be forgotten, is that, just like most other politicians of the time, despite lobbying for all kinds of freedoms for the people, Madison was also a slave-owner, which does somewhat taint his achievements. Sources Rutland, Robert Allen.  James Madison: the Founding Father. University of Missouri Press, 1997, p.18.Jefferson, Thomas. â€Å"Jeffersons Letter to the Danbury Baptists The Final Letter, as Sent.†, Library of Congress Information Bulletin, 1 Jan. 1802., Madison, James. Jay, John. Congress.gov ResourcesThe Federalist PapersHamilton, Alexander, et al. .

The Poetry of e.e. cummings Essay - 3340 Words

The Poetry of e.e. cummings The poems to come are for you and for me and are not for most people. --its no use trying to pretend that mostpeople and ourselves are alike. Mostpeople have less in common with ourselves than the squarerootofminusone. You and I are human beings;mostpeople are snobs. Take the matter of being born. What does being born mean to mostpeople? Catastrophe unmitigated. Socialrevolution. The cultured aristocrat yanked out of his hyperexclusively ultravoluptuous superpalazzo, and dumped into an incredibly vulgar detentioncamp swarming with every conceivable species of undesirable organism. Mostpeople fancy a guaranteed birthproof safetysuit of nondestructible selflessness. If mostpeople were to be born twice†¦show more content†¦They miss his satirical views, his beautiful observations, and his skillful choice of words. This lack of respect for the importance of individual words prompted Cummings attack of most people. His bitterness is directly related to his struggle to get this particular collection of poetry--his seventh--published. Edward Estlin Cummings has always had an affinity for language. Early in life he penned a couplet, which illustrates his reliance on the power of simple observation: O, the pretty birdie, O; with his little toe,toe,toe! (Norman, 1958, p. 26) This appreciation for ones ability to observe and interpret was influenced by Cummings upbringing. Born on October 14, 1894, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Edward Estlin had the gift of caring, intelligent, progressive parents. His father, Edward, graduated from Harvard in 1883, with a degree in philosophy. He then studied at Oxford, with the Reverend Samuel A. Barnett and Professor Estlin Carpenter (who made enough of an impression on the young Edward to cause him to choose to name his son after him.) Edward Cummings went on to teach political economy and sociology at Harvard until 1900. His instruction was praised with the following commendation: As a teacher at Harvard he was human, alert, and stimulating (Norman, p. 17). These attributes would eventuallyShow MoreRelatedEssay about E.E. Cummings: The Birth of Modern Poetry1882 Words   |  8 Pageslove, and life. Like a great poet, E.E. Cummings employed his past experiences in his poetry and life. Known as one of the preeminent p oets of the 20th century, E.E. Cummings poetry has received an array of both positive and negative criticism. Nonetheless, Cummings’s poetry has inspired many poets and authors with his liberal views on love, nature, and religion along with his modern writing style. Although many criticized his contemporary style, E.E. Cummings modernized the traditional views ofRead More Visual Effects Created By E.E. Cummings In His Poetry Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesVisual Effects Created By E.E. Cummings In His Poetry Edward Estlin Cummings, commonly referred to as E. E. Cummings, was born on October 14, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a source of vast knowledge and was responsible for many creative works other than his poetry, such as novels, plays, and paintings. He published his first book of poetry Tulips and Chimneys in 1923. Many of his poems are known for the visual effects they create through his unusual placement of words on the pageRead More Modernist Poets E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S. Eliot Change the Face of American Poetry1710 Words   |  7 PagesModernist Poets E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S. Eliot Change the Face of American Poetry Modernist poets such as E.E. Cummings, Wallace Stevens, and T.S. Eliot changed the face of American poetry by destroying the notion that American culture is far inferior to European culture. These and other American poets accomplished the feat of defining an American poetic style in the Modern Era by means of a truly American idea. That idea is the melting pot. Just as American culture exists asRead MoreHe was made famous for his unique poetry about sex and immature topics E.E. Cummings is the name of500 Words   |  2 PagesHe was made famous for his unique poetry about sex and immature topics E.E. Cummings is the name of this poet who lived from 1894 through 1962. Cummings was a unique person with an equally unique life and unsuccessful love life that shaped his award winning unique writing style. E.E. Cummings was born in Boston, Massachusetts on September 3rd, 1962. Cummings’ dad was a professor at Harvard who turned into a Unitarian pasture. His mother had encouraged Cummings to write and to always keep a journalRead MorePoet Portrait: E.E. Cummings Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesPoet Portrait: e.e. cummings Introduction: One might not think a renowned poet would speak of making a mark in a toilet in his attempt to make his mark on the world, but e.e. cummings was no ordinary poet. e.e. cummings was a famous poet of the 20th century; is unique style in his poems helped him become the second most commonly known and read poet in the United States during his lifetime (â€Å"E.E. Cummings†). Being raised in a well-educated, literary family; Cummings had a strong background toRead MoreE.E. Cummings and His Wondrous Works634 Words   |  3 PagesEdward Estlin Cummings was born on October 14, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cummings began writing his poems as early as ten years old. His unique ideas and various poetic devices that were included in his poetry induced him to be one of the most remembered poets of modern day time. E.E. Cummings was an intriguing poet that is known for many poetic ideas. Among them, Cummings was known for his ability to create meaning using structure and his avant ga rde approach towards language. In his workRead MoreAnalysis Of E. Ee Cummings1103 Words   |  5 PagesEdward Estlin Cummings, better known as E.E. Cummings was an American poet whose experimentation lead to innovative, unique pieces of literature. Involving â€Å"language of the streets† as well as â€Å"eccentric punctuation and phrases† allowed him to develop his own personal style which differed greatly from the traditional style of poetry (The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica 1). Known for his concise and sparing works of literature, Cummings’ recognizable style is displayed in his works not only inRead MoreE.E. Cummings Edward Estlin Cummins was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 14, 1894 and800 Words   |  4 PagesE.E. Cummings Edward Estlin Cummins was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 14, 1894 and died on September 3, 1962 in, New Hampshire. 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Cummings Poetry is considered to be a representational text in which one explores ideas by using symbols. Poetry can be interpreted many different ways and is even harder to interpret when the original author has come and gone. Poetry is an incredible form of literature because the way it has the ability to use the reader as part of its own power. In other words, poetry uses the feelings and past experiences of the reader to interpret things differently from one to another

Light and colour Free Essays

string(237) " of old ages natural visible radiation has been used for its powerful associations, for early adult male light held more significance than possibly any other clip, it was the giver of life and revered to the extent of idolizing the Sun\." Are cardinal in the manner we Light and coloring materials have the ability to hold a profound consequence on the we perceive and synergistic with our environment, set uping us holistically, in head, organic structure, and spirit. Changing the manner we experience infinite, altering our perceptual experience of spacial definition and proportion. Light and color service as mediums for communicating and information. We will write a custom essay sample on Light and colour or any similar topic only for you Order Now They aid orientation and influence motion ; differentiate infinite, set up hierarchy and indicate map ; conveys symbolic messages ; they are an look of the Zeitgeist and link us to the universe in which we live. Light and coloring materials have major impacts on our psychologically act uponing our emotion, feeling and making associations, physiologically impacting on our wellbeing on both a ocular and non ocular footing. Piturity secretory organ etc. ? One would normally tie in the above entirely with the sense of sight but both light and color induce synaesthesia, arousing associations with senses such as gustatory sensation, odor, kinaesthesia, temperature and harmonizing to some even consequence our perceptual experience of clip. The manner we comprehend and experience visible radiation and color it more complex than a simple optical stimulation. Our perceptual experience is a consequence of interplay of both physiological and the psychological factors in the witting and subconscious. We have many prepossessions and prepossessions and visible radiation and coloring material which can be formed through personal experience, be a consequence of cultural influences and/or eduction or be portion of familial make up, developed over 1000000s of twelvemonth of development. There are six basic interdependent factors which combine to give us are perceptual experience of visible radiation and coloring material, biological reactions ; the corporate unconscious ; witting symbolism and association ; cultural and idiosyncrasies ; tendencies, manners and manners ; and personal relationships and factors Biological Chemical reaction Our biological reactions occurs non merely as a consequence of the ocular tract. Light and therefore color aslo consequence us a through nervous tract or ‘energitic ‘ tract. Through the energietic tract visible radiation and coloring material stiumli are carried straight to the encephalon and onto the pineal and putrity secretory organs, which control the production of endocrines. This in bend can consequence the likes of, metamorphosis, blood force per unit area, emphasis and aggression. The Collective Unconscious the corporate unconscious refers to perceptual experience which is non rationalised by our witting ideas or our ain personal experiences. Harmonizing to Jungian psycholgy â€Å" the corporate unconscious is the portion of our psche that has nil to make with witting or unconscious reaction based on personal experience amessed during our life clip † The corporate unconscious consists of architypes, aboriginal and latent images, feelings and associations, in our gentic do up. Sensitivities devloped thorugh 1000000s of old ages development and the development of our species and do us to construe the environment in same manner our predecessor The writers Hall and Nordby depict it as: â€Å" the corporate unconscious is a reservoir of latent images, normally called aboriginal images by Jung. Aboriginal mean the ‘first ‘ or the ‘original ‘ therefore the aboriginal image refer to the earliest development of the mind. Man inherits these images from his hereditary yesteryear, a past that includes all of human ascendants every bit good as his prehuman or carnal ascendants. † add more? Conscious Symbolism Funadmental associations and feelings made in the witting. There are many associations to certain coloring material with are universally, and are read the same no affair the civilization or eduction, for illustration xanthous with light, bluish with the Sun and green with nature. The symbolism of the visible radiation and coloring material can be particulary important in the field of architecture due to there connects to arousing temper and feeling. Light and color suggest heat or imperturbability, alter one perceptual experience of whether a room is friendly, etc Cultural influences Although there are many coloring materials associations which are cosmopolitan, we must besides see how different civilization have different associations for some colorss. For illustration Japanese civilization tends to be more antiphonal to softer colorss, prehaps this relates to a greater grasp of materiality. Indian civilization on the other manus has a greater affinity to loud, bright and graphic color. There are besides certain colorss which gain greater significance in a certain coloring material. An illustration of this is the spiritual importance of green in Islam. Tendencies Fashion and Style Our reading and perfernces of coloring material can impact by what is in trend at a peculiar clip. Tendencies in the reinforced environment tend to alter on a less regular footing than in other. Although responsing to tendencies in designer and interior design may non ensue in making the most good environmets as different enviroments have different demands, tendencies can be of import in bring forthing a sense of zeigheist. Such as? Personal Relationships and Factors Our relationship to infinite is extremely influenced by personal and subjective factors such as personal dispostion and specific personal experience, for illustration one would normally tie in blue with imperturbability but if burnt by a bluish object may bring on an connexion to heat. Other personal factors can alter perceptual experiences of light coloring materials include sensitiveness, age, character and disposition and are physical and psychological brand up. Colour psychological science can be separated in to interlinked subdivisions, applied color psychological science and ‘depth color psychological science ‘ applied color psychological science is the 1 that by and large applies to architecture. It deals with the execution of the preset psychological effects to make a spacial atmosphere to bring forth psychical benefits therefore physiological benefits, or to convey a specific imagination. More? Symbolism and imagination of visible radiation and coloring material. â€Å" For it is through symbols that adult male finds his manner out of his peculiar state of affairs and ‘opens himself ‘ to the general and the universal. Symbols awaken an single experience and transmit into a religious act, into a metaphysical comprehension of the universe † – Mircea Eliade For 1000s of old ages natural visible radiation has been used for its powerful associations, for early adult male light held more significance than possibly any other clip, it was the giver of life and revered to the extent of idolizing the Sun. You read "Light and colour" in category "Essay examples" Its significance nevertheless has diminished particularly since the invasion of unreal visible radiation Light can be regarded as metaphorical in raising ideas of another topographic point or impression. It can be symbolic, stand foring something else frequently that which immaterial such as eternity, and frequently symbolic of that which we do non to the full comprehend. Light has the quality to bring forth a power passing province of being. For nexus to times season Zeitgeist? Dark is besides of import in this experience non merely as a contrast excessively dark but in its ain symbolism and representations, and the provinces of head it creates, the deficiency of light suppress the ocular, rising the other senses. Strong darkness presents the unknown taking to provinces of apprehensiveness, malaise and even to phobia. The interplay of light and dark can take to the the creative activity of contemplative or theatrical visible radiation. Luis Barragan advocates the usage of what he calls half-light â€Å" designers are burying the human demand for half-light the kind of visible radiation that imposes a tranquility, in their life suites every bit good as their sleeping rooms†¦ we should seek to retrieve mental and religious easiness and to relieve anxiousness, the outstanding feature of these agitated times, and the pleasances of thought, working, discoursing are heightened by the absence of glowering visible radiation † One of the few civilizations in which the design of such environments is prevailing is in Nipponese traditions. Quotation mark for in congratulations of shadows and illustration? Another manner to make topographic points of contemplation is to utilize diffuse or baffled light, bring forthing a degree of uniformity â€Å" contemplation is nourished by the deficiency of distractions † Metaphorical Light Metaphorical visible radiation extends the function of light beyond that of merely of disclosure, it denotes light that is used to raise a visions of a different vicinity, for illustration its can be used to as a representation of nature, film overing boundaries giving one the feeling that they are non in a interior scene. The usage of metaphorical lighting is vivid in the plants of artist Edward Hopper. In his painting New York Movie, Hopper uses contrasts in visible radiation to distinguish between the fanstay universe of the theater and the world in which the Ussher carries on with her mundane life. Steven Holl? Symbolic visible radiation is used as a representation of the immaterial and the discorporate, beyond that which is portrayed by the metaphorical, complex impressions such as life and decease. An powerful illustration of this is the Vietnam War commemoration in Washington D.C. The names of the dead are inscribed in the mirrorlike granite surface of the wall. The ever-changing contemplations of visible radiation and the environing remind us of our topographic point and temporal natural in this universe and therefore our mortality. For 1000s of old ages light has been associated with the religious aspects and seen as the manifestation of deity and the ethereal. Since prehistoric adult male visible radiation, the Sun have been connected to the scared, prehistoric worshipped the Sun physique memorials align to its summer solstice to honor it, as this was when its was its most powerful. Tombs were besides built with mention to the Sun, frequently align to confront the Sun rise on the summer solstice. The visible radiation of a new twenty-four hours and the lifting Sun gave hope of an after life â€Å" the natural linguistic communication of light and dark is a powerful one with which to show architectural significance † Specific coloring material besides hold symbolic associations. Many of these are reasonably obvious, nevertheless these initial associations over clip have lead subsequent associations or can take on bring on different connexions. The corporate findings from a figure of experiments have shown that many are cosmopolitan nevertheless there may be little fluctuations in different civilizations and faiths. Associations have from human experience, traveling all the manner back to early adult male. As discussed above aboriginal images etc have been stored in the human genome yesteryear on from coevals to coevals and contribute to our color perceptual experience. Eckart Heimendahl suggests that our color perceptual experience develops from three types of symbolism: ritual symbolism, traditional symbolism and aesthetic-emotional ( psychological ) degree symbolism, which fuse to give us our experience of coloring material â€Å" one of the most dramatic characteristics of the consequences refering perference, intension and colour-mood associatations is the consistancy from one person to another, from group to group and cross-culturally. There has been a great figure of cross-cultural surveies comparing topics in America, Lebanon, Kenya, Botswana, Greece to advert a few. Monkeies have been compared to Man, work forces to adult females, kids to grownups, layperson to designers. As another writer concludes, it would bespeak either that our heritage is such that we learn right responses, or that there is some unconditioned temper reaction to different colourss † ( Kuller 1981 p.164 ) The message a color conveys and therefore it psychological consequence is dependent on colorss chromaticity and the environment in which it sits. Even the slightest alteration it a hue nicety can change its significance. The materiality of the coloring material besides plays a important function in this procedure, which will be discussed subsequently. The followers will give and over the imagination and messages that the outstanding chromaticities are affiliated to. Red is a warm, exciting coloring material with both positive and negative associations. It positive intensions include the aforesaid heat due to its connexion to fire, every bit good as passion, strength, activity and love. Its more negative associations include fury and aggression, fierceness, although these have served a intent throughout history. An illustration of this in military, where red was used to alter head sets and convey a aggression. Red besides represent blood, which to some may portray an unfavorable message, can besides stand for life. This is possibly linked to early adult male who may hold concluded that blood gave life after seeing blood leave the organic structure a slaughtered quarry. Love? Red is the dominant and attending catching coloring material as its focal point point is behind the retina which give the feeling that it is stick outing pink? orange is a mostly positive coloring material and is by and large considered to hold really few negative intensions. Although less self-asserting than ruddy its is still vivacious and energetic, with lighter tone being heartening. Orange besides has connexions to nature reminding us of fall and sundowns. Brown is a darker tone of orange which once more has strong connexions to nature, motivating ideas of the Earth. As it is earthly is suggest security and stableness. However certain shadiness of brown may be less pleasant and drab and even depressing. Yellow is considered to be the ‘happiest ‘ coloring materials due to it aglow and beaming nature and therefore it tends to raise 1s liquors. Possibly its is most powerful and religious association with the Sun, and hence with visible radiation and life. Yellow was besides the coloring material of quicksilver in, best known for being the courier of the God, but was the God of commercialism and net income, every bit good as the God of the traveler, therefore xanthous can stand for religious enlightenment. Green focal point exactly on the retina and therefore is the easiest coloring material on the oculus. As a consequence viridity is loosen uping and reviewing. One of green major associations is nature and vigorous growing. Early rites were based around the exuberant viridity of flora and therefore is a symbol of nutrient and life, and as a sequel in Christianity represents hope and immortality. Green besides has important spiritual value in Islam where it is regarded as a holy coloring material. In blunt contrast certain fluctuations of green can convey a message of mold and decay and as a consequence decease. Depending on its place between xanthous and bluish viridity has different consequence, a green closer to yellow will look to be more stimulating where as blue green appear ice chest and more tranquil Blue like green is loosen uping and retiring, but appear cooler than green although darker tones appear to experience heater. Materialtiy besides affects its comparative heat, a dark blue, thick rug will non arouse a cold feeling. Blue induces feelings of composure and as a consequence contemplation and due to its obvious connexion to H2O bluish gives expresses cleanliness. However if non used right bluish can be cold and dejecting every bit refered to in the phrase â€Å" I have the blues † . Bluess symbolism has a figure of cultural fluctuations. In Rome blue was the coloring material of a philosopher robe and reflected wisdom. In China bluish symbolises immortality and sanctity to Hebrews. purple/violet white symbolises many positive things, architecture it prompts a sense of openness and freedom, a white infinite will ever experience more expensive, nevertheless if the part of white is to greater it gives a sense of emptiness. From a multi-discipline position, white conjures images of cleanliness, pureness, artlessness and peace. In Asia white is the coloring material of mourning but in a positive manner, as the believe that decease on this Earth is the beginning of a better life. black Grey Over and under stimulation In footings of of both physiological and psychological factors the balance of stimulation is of import in supplying the right environment. Both over-stimulation and under-stimulation can hold inauspicious affects on our wellbeing and the overall feeling of a infinite. For an environment to be most good a balanced assortment should be kind. â€Å" Balance is the securing of integrity thick assortment. Both assortment and integrity are required to prolong involvement, and these opposing forces must be balanced. Assortment is necessary to pull and elicit involvement ; integrity is indispensable to make a favorable feeling and desires. Variety overdone is confounding and unpleasant. Unity overdone is humdrum. The grade of coloring material agreement is cognizing where to halt between these extremes † Exposure to an excessively complex visually helter-skelter environment or highly monotony, whether it be through coloring material, form or contrast can consequence us physiologically by triping alterations in rates of external respiration, blood force per unit area and pulsation, therefore lead to increased emphasis degrees Over stimulation can bring on an addition in musculus tenseness and is believed to increase 1s susceptibleness to infection which can take to ulcers and coronary disease. Surprisingly dull under-stimulating environments can do additions in bosom rate. With no external stimulation one becomes more cognizant of there interior ego. Capable to persons mentally and nature if their idea, this can take to fear, anxiousness and hurt. On a psychological degree an under stimulating and therefore centripetal lack scene is known to take to a deficiency of concentration, restlessness and crossness. Under stimulation can besides take to perceptual experience upsets. â€Å" It can non be stressed plenty that the balance between integrity and complexness is the first and most of import regulation in the design in good environments † However in certain state of affairs it can be the interior decorator nonsubjective to make infinite which are under exciting. It infinite may be design as a religious and brooding infinite which encourages one to look inside themselves for enlightenment†¦ To understand the extent of visible radiation and colorss consequence, we must see it on its ain every bit good as the how it reacts and relates to its environment. Our knowledge of visible radiation and coloring material can be mostly influenced by how they contrast with there surroudings. There a figure of different contrast relationships which alter the manner perceive and distinguish: Light-Dark Contrast In its simplest footings this is the contrast between light and shadow. But can besides mention the to difference between elation of colorss, but the contrast is most outstanding in the neutral i.e. when no chromaticity is involved. Light dark contrast can be utile for distinguishing infinite. However excessively great a contrast will do ocular weariness and strain. Chromatic-Achromatic contrast. Uniting the chromatic with the neutral will change the sensed strength and brightness of the chromatic coloring material. White and gray niceties weaken a colors brightness and therefore can be used to neutralize. On the other manus black addition a colours brightness. Complementary Contrast Complementary contrast occurs between two coloring material which are every bit different as possible, location straight face-to-face on a coloring material wheel. Each complementary contrast has its ain alone characteristic. For illustration a contrast between orange and bluish gives the greatest warm-cool definition and a yellow-violet contrast give the most intense light-dark contrast. Effect/importance Intensity contrast Describes the contrast between colorss of the different impregnation. Intensity contrast is best used when a when little sum of pure coloring material are used as an speech pattern amongst muted colorss, which give a peculiar characteristic accents while keeping the complete atmosphere of the infinite. Measure Contrast Quantity contrast is the relative relationship between the colorss in a infinite. The proportion of a peculiar coloring material dramas major function in set uping spacial definition and feeling Flicker Contrast licker is a over stimulating contrast, happening when intense colors with similar elation or darkness are combined is a infinite. This type of contrast shows that the color has non been considered suitably, spark contrasts should be avoid. There are two other physiological contrast which besides need to be taken into history when measuring the impact of coloring material, consecutive contrast and coincident contrast. Coincident contrast is the phenomenon where by a coloring material will be perceived otherwise with a different foreground, background or environment. For illustration if a impersonal Grey is place on a environing coloring material background the Grey will look to hold a intimation of the complementary coloring material of the background coloring material. The perceive alteration is non world but is a consequence of 1s ‘colour esthesis ‘ . Coincident contrast does non merely impact chromaticity and impregnation but besides brightness. For illustration Grey will look lighter against a darker background Consecutive contrast is a phenomenon where by if one is subjected to a coloring material stimulation for an inordinate sum of clip an ‘after image ‘ of its complementary coloring material will happen. For illustration if one stares at a ruddy surface for a drawn-out period of clip so look at a white surface, the white surface will look to be bluish green. This ‘after-image ‘ is believed to be the consequence of weariness. The affect is impermanent but nevertheless can be upseting. e.g. ? â€Å" The physiological world is that the oculus requires any given give coloring material to be balanced by its complementary, and will bring forth it if it is non present. Complementary colorss besides provide psychological balance to warmth and imperturbability of coloring material. † The after image is a physiological consequence which indicates than utilize us of complementary colorss the the most effectual manner of making a harmonious infinite Synesthesia Synesthesia ( Greek, syn= together + aisthesis= perceptual experience ) is a neurological status in which the stimulation of one centripetal mode evokes a experience in another mode, or the crossing of two or more sense. Light and color non merely excite the sense of sight but arouses esthesiss in many other of the other senses through ocular and non ocular agencies. Percept of weight as a general regulation darker and more concentrated colors will look to be heavier and more dense than lighter and less concentrated colors. Warmer colors will besides look heavier than the ice chest ice chests if the same chromaticity Percept of volume and distance The lighter a infinite is the more unfastened it will be perceived to be therefore a infinite will look to hold a larger volume than a dark infinite. Within a infinite igniter colorss, ice chest colorss and little forms will look to withdraw. With darker or more concentrated looking the protrude therefore doing distances seem shorter. Percept of temperature it is widely believed that visually, coloring materials can change our perceptual experience of whether a room is warm or cool. Since the formation of the hypothesis several experiments have been observed which seem to turn out what was thought. One such illustration is described by Johannes Itten in his book The Elementss of Colour, is experiment illustrates a important difference in the temperature at an single felt cold in different colored room â€Å" Residents of the bluish green felt that 59 grades Fahrenheit was cold, where as the temperature had to fall to 52 grades Fahrenheit in the reddish-orange room before the topics felt cold † grounds from a corresponding Norse survey drew a similar decision, in which subjects set a thermostat four grades lower in a ruddy room compared to a bluish room. However trial besides showed that the consequence where merely impermanent and after a period of clip the effects begin to decrease. Percept of Taste and Odours Certain colorss can arouse associations with gustatory sensations or odors. Colorss such as lavender, pale yellow and pink have pleasant associations with odor and colorss such as coral, soft yellow and visible radiation viridities are associated with pleasant gustatory sensations. These associations can be utile in industrial state of affairs to assist better unpleasant environments Percept of Sound Gestalt psychologists such as Heinz Warner, Krakov, Allen and Schwartz have produced grounds that strong smell and gustatory sensation can change our perceptual experience of coloring material. It is suggested that strong gustatory sensation and smells make us more less sensitive to ruddy and more to green. On a similar note through coloring material association can be used to countervail loud environments. For illustration one may mentally link extremely concentrated warm coloring material with being loud, cool and low saturated coloring material holding the opposite consequence, therefore cool or low saturated coloring material can be used to assist countervail noisy environments â€Å" a noisy ambiance will be experienced subjectively as nosier or more annoying if pigment with glowering yellows or reds. Shrill and high pitched sounds may be offset by olive viridity † Percept of Time Some research workers believe that visible radiation, coloring material and form can change our appraisal of clip. One theory is that subdued, humdrum infinites cause one to overestimated clip. Possibly this is related to boredom and under-stimulation. It is a common construct that clip passes more rapidly when 1 is basking themselves. Light, coloring material and our perceptual experience of infinite. â€Å" Space remains in limbo without light. Light ‘s shadows and sunglassess, its different beginnings, its opacity, transparence, translucence and conditions of contemplation and refraction intertwine to specify or redefine infinite. Light topics infinite to uncertainness, organizing a sort of probationary span through Fieldss of experience † – Steven Holl The manner we use and perceive a infinite is greatly influence by visible radiation and coloring material along with the factors described. Above the have the ability to specify boundaries and differentiate infinites. They provide orientation and consciously and unconsciously impact how we move through a edifice. Furthermore due to the synaesthetic esthesiss they induce as described above, visible radiation and coloring material alter the sensed dimensioning of a infinite. â€Å" Space, as we experience it in architectural scenes is a consequence of our full perceptual system. One sees the environment non with the eyes but with eyes-in-the-head-on-the-body-resting-on-the-ground † As we have found out light and shadow can be a powerful tool with which to uncover significance. However they besides play a major function in specifying our sense of infinite, if we manipulate light we alter our perceptual experience of architectural infinite. Before construction, walls, ceiling and floor, it was light which estbalished boundaries. At dark a ‘room ‘ for early adult male was defined by visible radiation admitted by fire, the appendage of which came when visible radiation faded into darkness. How to cite Light and colour, Essay examples

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay Example For Students

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay Introduction The behavioral aspects of project management consist of many different areas that a project manager must master. The organizational culture is one area that can take time to master for many project managers. The culture of an organization can be the success or the failure of a project. Management must be share common beliefs and values and be willing to stand by them at the most critical times. The personality of the project leader is important and is critical to the project. The project leaders leadership will dictate if the project will be successful. The team has to believe in the manager and for this to happen the manager has to follow though with what they say they will do. To build and manage a successful project team the project manager must be skilled in many areas. The project manager has to be able to select team members that will fit in with the team, manage meetings skillfully, establish a team identity and vision, establish ways of rewarding the team as well as individuals, manage conflicts within and outside the team, and be able to rejuvenate the team over long projects. Organization Cultures Influence Organizational culture research has identified ten primary characteristics that lead to successful or unsuccessful teams within an organization. These characteristics will in turn affect the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of all projects in an organization (Gray, Larson, 2003). 1.Member Identity is the employees ability to identify with the organization. 2.Team Emphasis the activities of the organization in which the team or individuals are emphasized. 3.Management focus the decisions management makes that affect the employees. 4.Unit integration are teams within in an organization expected work independently or as a team. 5.Control the oversight and control over an employees behavior. These types of rules and policies of the organization to oversee employees will dictate to the employee what is acceptable and what is discouraged. 6. Risk tolerance this allows or sets limits on an employee and teams to have a certain amount of innovation and risk seeking. 7.Reward criteria the organizational culture to allow or disallow promotions and salary increases based on merit rather than nonperformance factors. 8.Conflict tolerance the limits at which employees are able to air conflicts and criticism openly. 9. Means versus end orientation is the outcome more important than the means to get to the outcome. 10.Open-systems focus is how the organization reacts to external forces or environmental changes. The organizational culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, and assumptions by which people (employees) are connected. As Gray and Larson write, Culture is also one of the defining aspects of an organization that sets it apart from other organizations even in the same industry. The organization culture has several defining functions that affect each employee. The first is culture provides a sense of identity for its members. People will feel a close and strong connection with the organization if the mission of the organization is well defined and values are well stated. Secondly, the culture helps legitimize the management system of the organization. The system must also be well defined and clear. The employees must understand the structure of the company and understand authority relationships and why their authority is to be respected. Thirdly, the organization culture clarifies and reinforces standards of behavior. These are rules that define the appropriate and inappropriate behavior of its members. These include, challenging the judgment of superiors and collaborating with other departments. These two rules can have enormous effects on project teams. Lastly, the culture helps create social order within an organization. Management and the organization must have similar beliefs and values. Without these, the organization would be in ruins but this does not mean that every department is sharing the same values or sharing the values to the same extent as the mission statement would suggest (Gray, Larson, 2003). .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d , .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .postImageUrl , .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d , .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d:hover , .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d:visited , .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d:active { border:0!important; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d:active , .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc532d03b205c45504a69dce86018055d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cloning16 Essay Project teams can have their own culture and it may reflect the organizations but it may not to the same extent. If the project team has the same culture as the company then the project manager will not have to be as strong in terms of keeping the team out of watchful eye of management because .

Herbert Feis Served As The Special Consultant To Three Secretaries Of

Herbert Feis served as the Special Consultant to three Secretaries of War. This book was his finale to a series on the governmental viewed history of World War II, one of these receiving the Pulitzer Prize. Mr. Feis gives personal accounts in a strictly factual description leaving out no information that the president and high officials discussed within the walls of the White House. The information that is presented is referenced countlessly throughout the book. His position in the government gave him the ability to have direct knowledge from personal individuals, in the government at that time, who had assessed the actions first hand. With these contacts his information is not presented as secondary information. In early August 1945, two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These two bombs quickly yielded the surrender of Japan and the end of the American involvement in World War II. By 1946, the two bombs caused the death of perhaps as many as 240,000 Japanese citizens. The popular view that dominated the 1950s and 60s, presented by President Truman and Secretary of War Henry Stimson, was that the at the dropping of the atomic bombs was a solely military action that avoided the loss of as many as a million lives in the upcoming American invasion of the island of Kyushu. In the 1960s a second idea developed, put forth by a collaboration of historians, that claimed the dropping of the bomb was a diplomatic maneuver aimed at gaining the upper hand in relations with Russia. Twenty years after the bombing, Feis, with the advantage of historical hindsight and the advantage of new evidence, developed a third view, free from obscuring bias. First, he stated th at the dropping of the bomb was born out of a number of military, domestic, and diplomatic pressures and concerns. Secondly, many potentially alternatives to dropping the bombs were not explored by Truman and other men in power. Lastly, because these alternatives were never explored, it can only be pondered over whether or not Truman's decision to drop the atomic bombs was a savior of lives, and it may never be known if Truman's monumental decision was morally just one. Japan had expansionist aims in Eastern Asia and in the Western Pacific. In July of 1940, the United States placed an embargo on materials imported to Japan, including oil. The majority of the American war effort was placed in Europe. Before the United States could fully mobilize, most of South-East Asia had fallen to Japan, including the Philippines. "The Japanese forces waged a stubborn, often suicidal battle." Truman learned of the project, then called by its code name, S-1 (and later as the Manhattan Project), from Secretary of War Stimson on 25 April 1945, only after becoming President. Concurrent with the Manhattan project, both Japan and America were making preparations for a final all-encompassing conflict. Both sides expected it would involve an American invasion of mainland Japan. The Americans expanded conventional bombing and tightened their increasingly successful naval blockade. The Japanese began the stockpiling of aircraft, amassed a giant conscripted military force, and commenced the creation of a civilian army, all who swore total allegiance to the emperor. This awe-inspiring army included so-called 'Sherman Carpets,' children with dynamite strapped to their bodies and trained to throw themselves under American tanks. In the end, these final preparations were not effective. On, August 6, 1945, the American B-29 bomber, named Enola Gay by the pilot Paul W. Tibbets, dropped the little boy uranium atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Three days later a second bomb, made of plutonium and nicknamed fat boy, was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese surrendered unconditionally and the war in Asia ended. Truman's monumental decision, to drop these bombs, was born out of a complex background of decisions. Pressure to drop the bomb stemmed from three major categories: military, domestic and diplomatic. The military pressures stemmed from discussion and meetings Truman had with Secretary of War Stimson, Army Chief of Staff General Marshal, Chief of Staff Admiral William Leahy, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal and others. On June 18, 1945, General Marshall and Secretary of War Stimson convinced Truman

A Second Slice of Pie essays

A Second Slice of Pie essays One of the most common complaints about capitalism is that it is inherently unfair. That the operation of an unrestrained, free market will inevitably lead to iniquity, and a great disparity in outcomes. Complaints usually proceed along the lines of - "the rich get richer, and the poor just keep getting poorer". Thus, government intervention is appealed to as protection against the vagaries and unfairness of free market forces. Arguments against unrestricted capitalism include charges of exploitation of workers, an obsession with efficiency, and the consignment of unproductive individuals to the economic scrap-heap. This essay is not intended to address each specific accusation, but will identify the erroneous, central premise behind these misgivings, and the implications of correcting it. The flawed premise held by almost all critics of capitalism, is the view that it is a zero-sum game. In other words, that any gain in a free market economy must have occured at someone else's expense. Ironically, this misconception plagues capitalism and not other economic systems, precisely because of capitalism's great success in wealth generation. It is not hard to see why this is the case. Before the advent of capitalism, the vast majority of people in Europe were indentured peasants. There was no political or economic freedom, and the masses were unable to own land, choose their employment, or respond to opportunities in the marketplace. In fact, there was no market, and most labour was unpaid, with the peasants actually remitting produce to the landed aristocracy. In feudalist Europe, it was not merit, talent, hard work or creativity which decided one's economic situation or social standing, but purely chance - namely into which family one was born. The economic freedoms which are the hallmarks of capitalism - being the right of everyone to own property, and the right to respond to the opportunities and conditions of the market rath...

An analysis of a TESOL learning activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An analysis of a TESOL learning activity - Essay Example Many had not considered a career at all. This is most likely because they did not have any experience of guided career exploration before making these choices, or being unsure about doing so. After completing the activity, the students attitude towards choosing a career as well as the appropriateness of the career they chose to pursue were measured by student interviews. Most students showed an increased awareness in choosing careers that were better culturally fitted to their own lifestyles and skill sets, including their English language acquisition. There was also a noticeable difference in the confidence level of each of the participants in regard to how they felt about entering the world of work. Many students came into the program somewhat reluctant to complete mock interviews and share resume writing skills. Most of these students, however, were eager to share their testimonies on how the program had changed their perception of themselves as well as their career goals by the e nd of this six week activity.

Advanced Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced Entrepreneurship - Essay Example It is also aimed at providing the strategy of the company Triangle Solutions to get ideas implemented internally or at describing the reasons why a product idea should be spun off into a new subsidiary company owned by a business organisation. This paper finally describes most suitable ownership types for small businesses, like retail electronics, software developer, and advertising. Assignment 1: Triangle Solutions is one of the most reputated computer producing companies in the world. It is an American company, headquartered at New York. It sells different types of computers, from desktops to laptops and palmtops. These products have large national and international markets and the products have significant reputation in these markets. The industry and market size: In modern times the industry of computers are highly competitive as numerous companies are producing and manufacturing computer products. Desktops, laptops, palmtops, and mobile computers are highly demanding and the ind ustries for these products are experiencing rapid growth. This industry produces computers, computer related products like printers, home electronic and communication equipments. Triangle Solutions produce these products for commercial as well as military purposes. Triangle Solutions also sells disk drives, wireless telephones, consumer electronics for commercial purposes in the industry and â€Å"smart† bombs, electronic navigation equipment for military purposes. But recently the company has launched a new product, a mobile phone that has the features of both computers and phone, but has triple sim card facilities and has expandable memory and a super-specialty 6 mega-pixel camera. This product will attract the modern generation as well as it will facilitate professional mobile users. The market for this product is large, not only domestically, but also internationally. The company is expecting to acquire atleast 40% of the global market for mobile and computer products by the end of 2014 with the introduction of this new product. The company is expecting that the product will reduce the effort of mobile users to use Internet facilities on their mobile phones and also the facility provided by the product of Triangle Solutions in terms of using three different phone numbers in a single phone that has so many additional facilities will attract large number of mobile phone users across the world (Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing, n.d., pp. 53-54). Team requirements: To introduce the new product in the market the company has employed large and efficient team of people which are not only experts in developing the technologies and softwares which are needed for the making of this new product, but also the company employed best people for marketing and sales of the product. The company has also employed analytical team-members for the purpose of business analysis and market analysis of the new product. The team that has been employed for the pur pose of the business development of the product is highly experienced and they have put lot of effort in developing the market for the new product and also for increasing the market size of the product. The company has employed best engineers from all over the world from best engineering schools of the world to build up the new technology for the product and different trial uses of the new mobile phone has resulted in highly satisfactory comments from different consumers of that trial uses. The trial use strategy has been a remarkable marketing strategy that has been applied in selected shopping mall in New York. People have been allowed to use the product and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of using the product. This marketing

Human Resources course essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources course - Essay Example Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory is one of the most popular theories of motivation. Many organizations across the globe formulate their strategies of motivating employees drawing help from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. According to Maslow, there are five needs that are fundamental and commonly felt by all people. The needs identified by Maslow include physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self-esteem needs, and the need to self-actualize (Cherry, 2013). Maslow arranged these needs in a hierarchical order so that when placed upon one another, they take the form of a pyramid. Needs range from essential to optimal as one moves from the base to the top of the pyramid. Thus, physiological needs like food and air are the most fundamental needs as an individual cannot survive without them whereas the need to self-actualize is the least essential. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory asserts that an individual does not feel a higher-level need unless all lower-level needs in the pyramid have been satisfied. Considering the issue from the perspective of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, money is not the only factor that can help the employees accomplish their needs. For example, let’s suppose an employee who feels the need of love and belongingness. There is a company that offers him a handsome salary but requires him to stay away from his family at a far-away station. Another company offers him a lower salary but provides the employee with the facility to work from home. The employee would go for the second company rather than the first because staying and working from home would fulfill his love and belongingness needs. There are a variety of ways in which managers can motivate employees. These include providing employees with medical and accommodation facilities, and offering employees more leaves as a sign of appreciation so that they can stay longer with their families. Many

Public Policies Used To Solve Market Failure Economics Essay

Public Policies Used To Solve Market Failure Economics Essay Market is defined as a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. There are many different types of markets such as stock market, currency market and more. Market is efficient when the market is perfectly competitive. If a market is not perfectly competitive, the market failure will occur. Market failure also occurs when the allocation of resources in a free market is inefficient. Market failure occurs when the market is not in perfectly competitive. There are many reasons to cause market failure. The main causes of market failure are: a) Negative Externalities Externalities are defined as the uncompensated impact of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander. Negative externality such as the effect of environmental pollution can cause the marginal social cost(MSC) of production to exceed the marginal private cost(MPC) according to the diagram below: In the process of production, the firms will cause the pollution of the environment. The pollution is bad for public health so that the marginal social cost(MSC) is exceed the marginal private cost(MPC). The optimum of production is at Qs, MSB is equal to MSB. The firms will produce goods at Qp, where MPB is equal to MPC. The excess of production not only does not promote the public welfare but also causes more pollutions to the environment. As a result, the market will go inefficient. b) Positive Externalities The positive externalities such as the provision of education and healthcare can cause the marginal social benefit(MSB) of consumption to exceed the marginal private benefit(MPB) according to the diagram below: In a free market, the consumption will be at Qp where the private benefit equals to the private cost. However, this is socially inefficient because the social benefit is exceed to the social cost. Therefore, that is under-consumption(Qs-Qp) of the positive externality. The social efficiency will occur at Qs where the social cost equals social benefit. c)Merit and Demerit goods Merit good is a good that people do not realise its true benefit such as the people underestimate the benefit of education. The examples of merit goods are education and healthcare. These goods usually have positive externalities. Therefore, there will be a under-consumption of merit goods in a free market. Demerit good is a good that people do not realise the costs of doing something such as smoking and drugs. These goods usually have negative externalities. Therefore, there will be over-consumption of demerit goods in a free market. d)Public goods The private sectors in free markets cannot profitable supply to consumers public goods that are needed to meet peoples demand. So that the public goods are generally provided by government. e)Monopoly Power Market that controlled by monopoly can cause under-production and higher prices than would exist under condition of competition. f)Factor immobility Factor immobility will cause unemployment hence productive inefficiency. When market fails, the market will fall into position of inefficiency. It may cause unfair distribution of income and property to the public. Many firms increase the quantity of goods supplied in order to earn more profit. It may cause the pollution in the environment as the firms are not willing to protect the environment whenever they produce goods. Besides that, unemployment will occur because of the exclusion of labor by the machines when the firms are able to improve the productivity. There will be also an undersupply of public goods. The private sectors are not willing to produce public goods as the consumers do not need to pay for these goods so that they will not earn profit from providing the public goods. To address these public issues, the government will execute some policies to solve the market failure such as imposing taxes on negative externalities. In the diagram above, the marginal social cost(MSC) of production will exceed to the marginal private cost(MPC). The government imposed the taxes to the sellers and the imposition of taxes will increase the production cost of the sellers. Then, the supply curve(PMC) will shift to the left. The quantity of production will decrease from Qp to Qs where the optimum output is and the social welfare will be maximized. New Mexico Legislature is supposed to increase the state cigarette tax from 75 cents to $1.66 per pack this year. The purpose of imposing the tax is to reduce the tobacca use and save lives. The increasing of tax will discourage people from smoking. Increasing the cigarette tax is one of the most effective ways to reduce smoking, especially among kids. From the diagram above, the production of tobacca of marginal social cost(MSC) is exceed to the marginal private cost(MPC) and the output of tobacca of the sellers is at Qp. New Mexico Legislature imposed the cigarette tax to the output of tobacca of sellers. So that, the supply curve(S=PMC) of tobacca will shift to right. The output of tobacca will decrease from Qp to Qs as the tobacca tax will increase the cost of production of tobacca. As a result, the supply curve of tobacca will move to left and equals to marginal social cost(MSC). At this moment, the optimum output of tobacca is at Qs. The imposition of cigarette tax will reduce the output of tobacca and discourage people from smoking. Taxes on negative externalities will raise the revenue for the government and reduce the pollution of environment. The second policy that can overcome the market failure is to provide subsidy on positive externalities. The government provides subsidy to the firms to pay part of cost for them to encourage more production. From the diagram above, the production of marginal social benefit(MSB) is exceed to the marginal private benefit(MPB). The government provided subsidy(P2-P1) to the firm to decrease their cost of production. As a result, the firm will increase the output from Qp to Qs. Then, the social welfare will be maximized. For example, Malaysia government plans to provide a subsidy of RM30bil to enhance primary and secondary school education nationwide which is one of the plans of Budget 2010. From the diagram above, when our government provides a subsidy of RM30bil on education, the operating cost of school will decrease. Then, the school will have enough capital to build more facilities and provide more educational plans from Qp to Qs for the students. The students will get more benefit from studying. At this moment, the social welfare will keep increasing till the marginal social benefit(MSB) equals to marginal social cost(MSC). The third policy is to change the property right. This will happen when the government gives the property rights to certain people such as the fishermen could be given the property rights to a river. When negative externalities occurred, the owners of property could sue a company who caused damage or pollution such as the fishermen can sue a chemical factory which polluted the river. It may charge some social costs to the chemical factory. The government pursued this policy to reduce the pollution of environment so that the negative externalities could be eliminated. In addition, the government will also impose the laws and regulation to prohibit the unhealthy behaviour of people such as legalizing the age for smoking and banning on drunk driving. The laws and regulations must be simple and easy to understand to the public. Due to a reducing in negative externalities, the marginal social cost will decrease. So that, imposing the laws and regulations is also a policy to overcome the market failure. For example, in New Zealand, it is illegal to sell tobaccos and cigarettes to person aged uner 18. It is also illegal for a person over 18 to give a person under 18 cigarettes or tobaccos in a public place. Another example is sales of tobacco to person aged under 18 are illegal in all Australian states. The purpose of legalizing the smoking by both governments is to reduce the consumption of tobaccos. It may help to decrease the negative externalities for improving efficiency of the market. Finally, the other policy is to give the pollution permit. The government can give a pollution permit to a firm to limit his output. The more the firm produce, the more polluted the environment is. Therefore, the marginal social cost will keep increasing and market failure will occur. The government will give the pollution permit to the firm such as limiting the firm to produce only 100 units carbon dioxide per year. As a result, there is an incentive to pollute less and the negative externalities will be eliminated. Conclusion The public policies implemented by the government can successfully solve the market failure. The main causes of market failure is the externality. It can divide into negative externality and positive externality. Government will impose the tax to the firms to decrease their output as every unit of good they produce will cause the pollution of environment. The implimentation of this public policy can reduce the pollution of environment but also to eliminate the negative externalities for efficient market. Secondly, the government will also provide subsidy to the firms. With this policy, the production cost of the firms will decrease and their output will increase. The market will be efficient as the subsidy on positive externalities forces the marginal social cost equals to the marginal social benefit. Thirdly, the government will implement the policy of changing the property rights. By giving the property rights, the owner of the property can sue a company which caused pollution to their property such as the lands. It may help to reduce the pollution of the environment and eliminate the negative externalities. So that, the market failure can be overcome. The government will also impose the laws and regulations to prohibit people from the unhealthy behaviour such as smoking and taking drug. The implementation of this policy can effectively increase the social benefit. So that, the market failure will turn into an efficient market. Lastly, the government will also give the pollution permit to the firm. This policy can limit the output of carbon dioxide of the firm. It can reduce the negative externality of air pollution. As a result, the market will be efficient by reducing the negative externalities. For archieving an efficient market, the government will implement the public policies when market failure occurred although the government needs to spend a high cost on them.

tough choices :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was asked to think back about something memorable and to write an essay about a life’s lesson learned. In high school, soccer was very important to me. It was my favorite sport. My freshman year I decided to pick and focus on only one of the many sports I had played in the passed. I came to the conclusion that I should play soccer considering it was one I was strongest at. I also enjoyed soccer more than the other sports I had played because it was a tough sport, which was a challenge to me. During the years I played high school soccer I made a decision in which when I look back on, I think I could have handled differently. I never spoke up. I would just do what I was told to do. Whatever I was told to do I did it the best I could. I thought that cooperating, listening and giving it my best shot is what would get me ahead before someone else. But I was wrong and that has cost me dearly. As a freshman I played soccer for Paramus Catholic High School. I started as a forward on their junior varsity team. As the season went on the varsity coach noticed my aggressiveness and moved me up to play with our varsity team. To be picked out of all the girls on the team I can’t tell you of a better feeling of self-pride. Then as a sophomore I transferred to Hackensack High School. There, I again started as a forward for their junior varsity team. Later into the season I was brought up to practice with varsity. I practiced with varsity but only played in a couple of games. Imagine my disappointment, I joined the soccer team to play, not sit on the bench. I worked so hard in practice to prove myself but it got me nowhere, not even a chance. So I asked to be moved back down to junior varsity where I could play. At least on the junior varsity team I was recognized for my efforts. As a junior I tried again and made the varsity team at tryouts. I was excited because we had lost a lot of seniors and I expected to get more playing time. Upperclassmen always played over underclassmen. But I was wrong. Instead I sat the bench and freshmen played over me. tough choices :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was asked to think back about something memorable and to write an essay about a life’s lesson learned. In high school, soccer was very important to me. It was my favorite sport. My freshman year I decided to pick and focus on only one of the many sports I had played in the passed. I came to the conclusion that I should play soccer considering it was one I was strongest at. I also enjoyed soccer more than the other sports I had played because it was a tough sport, which was a challenge to me. During the years I played high school soccer I made a decision in which when I look back on, I think I could have handled differently. I never spoke up. I would just do what I was told to do. Whatever I was told to do I did it the best I could. I thought that cooperating, listening and giving it my best shot is what would get me ahead before someone else. But I was wrong and that has cost me dearly. As a freshman I played soccer for Paramus Catholic High School. I started as a forward on their junior varsity team. As the season went on the varsity coach noticed my aggressiveness and moved me up to play with our varsity team. To be picked out of all the girls on the team I can’t tell you of a better feeling of self-pride. Then as a sophomore I transferred to Hackensack High School. There, I again started as a forward for their junior varsity team. Later into the season I was brought up to practice with varsity. I practiced with varsity but only played in a couple of games. Imagine my disappointment, I joined the soccer team to play, not sit on the bench. I worked so hard in practice to prove myself but it got me nowhere, not even a chance. So I asked to be moved back down to junior varsity where I could play. At least on the junior varsity team I was recognized for my efforts. As a junior I tried again and made the varsity team at tryouts. I was excited because we had lost a lot of seniors and I expected to get more playing time. Upperclassmen always played over underclassmen. But I was wrong. Instead I sat the bench and freshmen played over me.

Do violent video games cause behavior problems? Essay

Violence in video games lead to violent outbreaks and bad behaviour in real life, many people believe so. Are these violent video games moulding and fuelling today’s generation of young minds to a more violent side, forgetting the idea that these games are solely for entertainment purposes. Many studies have taken place surrounding this idea, giving valid points to both sides of the topic. Video games are extremely popular all over the world, connecting people through the internet allowing them to interact with one another through a cyber-portal for entertainment, with varying genres of games from card games, first person shooter’s, racing or even 3D strategy games. These games connect millions of people all around the world, gamers spending countless hours glued to screens looking at a bunch of pixels. These games are evolving every year, as technology gets better so do the games, with more realistic graphics, sound effects and scenarios. So with this, the violent game s are also becoming far more realistic, violent and aggressive. Are these prolonged hours spent playing these games damaging these people’s minds? Many of the violent war games being released today have age restrictions on them, R16 or R18 warning people of the violent content the game has, however this does not stop underage people getting their hands on them. In the article â€Å"Video games and youth violence: A prospective Analysis in Adolescents† written by Christopher J Ferguson, it quotes â€Å"The potential influence of violent video games on youth violence remains an issue of concern for psychologists† , stating that this topic is widely concerning to many people. Many studies have taken place to look into whether or not these games are causing bad behaviour, but in this article Christopher J Ferguson states that none of these studies have developed well validated measures of youth violence caused by the games. This article also points out that having depressive symptoms can lead to violent outbreaks due to antisocial traits with the individual, and gaming is an antisocial activity, therefore these games attract to those who  already have these depressive symptoms and the potential to act out violently. And the violent game has nothing to do with making the person violent, as these potential issues are there prior t o the individual even playing the game. There have been many studies based around violence in video games, whether it is elevated blood pressure, aggressive behaviour or violent outbreaks. A study led by Brock University PhD student Paul Adachi has proved that yes these violent games are causing aggressive behaviour, but this is based on how competitive the game is and not due to the violence. Therefore a non-violent game that is equally competitive will lead the user to show similar aggressive behaviour. In many cases, like the 1999 Columbine High school massacre where Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students, one teacher, and injuring 21 other students before turning the guns on themselves. It was well known that the two teenagers who committed this extreme violent act were excessive players of the violent video game called â€Å"Doom 3D†, in which the player embarks on defending mars from aliens with large automatic weapons. A lot of people claim that this game caused the two to violently outbreak into the massacre, however there is no proof, and once again, the game has not caused anyone else, out of its millions of players over the years to commit t he same heinous crime, Eric and Dylan were capable of these crimes before playing the game, it is however a possibility that the game helped their psychopathic views to be glorified. Where normal people do not have these psychopathic traits in the first place and play games like this for entertainment only. Children failing in school can become violent or show aggressive behaviour due to the low academic marks and failing to achieve, and many studies state that video games cause children to fail school, thus leading to violent aggressive behaviour. This is falsely accusing video games based upon facts that can be associated with various other activities. Spending six hours a day watching TV, shopping, or sleeping will just as equally affect your school grades, it is down to the individual how they use their time effectively. In the article â€Å"Violent video games do not cause aggression† written by Lester Haines, it states that the university of Illinois carried out studies regarding the possible link between violent video games and real world aggression, concluding their findings from their first long term study to show that the violent games â€Å"did not cause any substantial increase in said aggression†. Violent video  games bring millions of people around the world entertainment, and social interaction through the internet connecting them with other gamers, who have similar interests. Allowing interaction through talking and playing the game, there are many people who believe that these violent video games are causing many people to act out violently, recreating what they see or play in these games. Blaming these games for people’s actions is obscured. If someone is capable of committing extreme violent acts, or acting in an aggressive manor, they were capable of it well before they took part in playing a computer game. It is down to the individual who plays these games to act responsible, know right from wrong, and play the games for entertainment only. Violence is not just in video games, it is everywhere and all around us. Works Cited Poole, S. (2000, Apr 26). Parents 2: Healthy living: Video games will make your kids violent and more likely to fail at school, according to new research. nothing could be further from the truth, says games junkie steven poole. The Guardian, pp. 16-2.16. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/245514814?accountid=8440Ferguson, C. J. (2011). Video games and youth violence: A prospective analysis in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), 377-377-391. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/858659823?accountid=8440Keenan, T. (2008, Apr 04). Do some video games encourage violence?; one former soldier thinks that this type of entertainment is teaching kids to kill. Nanaimo Daily News, pp. C.6. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/361607229?accountid=8440Study finds competition in video games, not violence, causes aggression. (2011, Sep 03 ). Daily Gleaner, pp. C.4. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/887134689?accountid=8440Grace Shin. (2008). Video Games. A Cause of Violence and Aggression.Retrieved from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1723Lester Haines, (2005, Aug 15), Violent video games do not cause aggression, retrieved fromhttp://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/15/video_games_and_aggression/

Why I Voted for John Kerry essays

Why I Voted for John Kerry essays Everyone I know is a Democrat. My father, my friends, and even most of my teachers growing up were all Democrats. Because of this, I was brought up to be one. As I grew older, I became more interested in politics and formed my own opinions on how I wanted to vote in the 2004 election. I liked the ideas that Kerry brought to the American people, and I knew I did not like Bush very much seeing as it seemed as though America had seen better days with Clinton. I did not like some of the changes that Bush was making in office. I do not know very much about politics, but some issues I do have a stand on. I made my decision based on my beliefs compared to Kerry and Bush. So for my first year as a registered voter, I voted for John Kerry. A lot of people who voted for Bush chose him because he was religious. They call these voters "moral values voters." When you are voting for someone to run an entire country, in my opinion, what the person's personal opinions on things such as whether gay marriage should be legalized or not is irrelevant. A subject such as someone's sexual preference does not directly affect a nation. People may not agree with it, but there are a lot of things that a lot of people do not agree with. I agree somewhat with Bush because he is opposed to abortion. But he also thinks that it should be okay if the woman is pregnant because of incest or rape. Kerry supported abortion and endorsed family planning and health insurance plans that provide abortion counseling and contraceptive coverage. I liked Kerry's plan although I believe that abortion is wrong in all cases. You have no right to kill a human being whether it was a mistake or not. I believe that everything happens for a reason and that the child was meant to come into the world. In the 2000 campaign, Bush said, "I don't think you should support the death penalty to seek revenge, I don't think that's right. I think the reason to support the death penalty is th...

Only the second part of the assignment needs to be done which is the final individual share portfolio review. The company is Tesco. The WritePass Journal

Only the second part of the assignment needs to be done which is the final individual share portfolio review. The company is Tesco. Introduction Only the second part of the assignment needs to be done which is the final individual share portfolio review. The company is Tesco. Christmas trading. Furthermore, the above could dampen CAPEX plans for the coming years. Rise of Discounters As mentioned, the recent Kantar Worlpanel (2014) report cemented the rise of Aldi and Lidl; however recent reports from Tesco have attempted to downplay the threat, with little success. The CEO referred to them as ‘niche’ players, (Tesco, 2013). However, these players control 45% of the affluent German market and are market leaders in several other large countries. We would not compare the effectiveness and the threat posed by Aldi in 2014 with that posed by Kwik Safe (disappeared) in the 1990s. It is not an informative chart in our view. CAPEX remains strong CAPEX guidance was cut to a maximum of  £2.5bn per annum, in line with market expectations. Tesco plans to cut new space additions in the UK to 700,000 sq ft in 2014/15 from 1.4mn in 2013/14. CAPEX is shifting from new space to maintenance. Having invested  £400mn in the UK Refresh programme in 2013/14, the company plans to invest  £500mn per annum in each of the next three years. This is close to  £2bn in total to complete the programme. The priority for next year is re-modelling the Extra format where the sales performance is the weakest, (Tesco, 2013). Online growth Mixed A lot of focus, as expected, has been put on the increasing movement online. With Morrison’s considering and online platform, while Waitrose moves in with more products and free delivery. Tesco announced it will reduce the fee it charges for home delivery and click collect. While it is good that the company aims to be competitive, excessive cuts in the delivery charge would reduce margins and also incentivise the customer to order smaller quantities more frequently, making the economics a lot less attractive. The delivery charge is a tool used to distribute demand among the different time slots and days of the week. Tesco unveiled  £127Million of trading profit from online grocery ( £2.5bn sales), (Tesco, 2013), suggesting a 5% margin. According to the company, all direct costs are fully charged, that is the cost of the pickers and the delivery, (Tesco, 2013). This would not include things such as store depreciation, store energy costs, rates etc. Given this, on estimated 25Million annual orders of  £100 each, the delivery fee ( £4-5 per order) would account for the great majority of profit. If this delivery fee is substantially cut, so will the profit obtained. Share Performance Graph – Share Price Performance of Selected Companies – 6-Month. Data obtained from Bloomberg (2014) [Online]. Focusing on share performance (Graph 1), over the previous 6-months, Tesco Plc is down by 18.3%, however performance is still between than W.M. Morrison and J Sainsbury, whose shares have fell by 24.2% and 19.9% respectively. Given this; the grocery sector has been a weak performer on the market, given that the FTSE 100 has risen by 2% over the same period. Weakness in the sector was seen on the 12th March (circled), after the market release from Kantar Worldpanel (2014). According to Kantar Worldpanel (2014), Tescos market share dropped to 28.7% in the 12 weeks ended March 2. That compares to 29.6% a year ago and is the lowest level since late 2004. Adding to the company’s woes, Tescos sales were down 0.6 percent in the three-month period. The main issue for investors was the movement of these sales to discounters Aldi and Lidl, plus upmarket grocer Waitrose. Morrison’s also loosened further to a share of 11.1% from 11.8% a year earlier, while ASDA, a subsidiary of Wal-Mart Stores eased to 17.5%, a 0.3 point fall Y-O-Y. Sainsbury’s was the only grocer among Britains ‘big four’ to hold on to its market share in the period, reaming at 17%, (Kantar Worldpanel, 2014). The report noted that the big-four where competing more for a shrinking ‘middle-ground’ as consumers move to either discounters or upmarket retailers – over the past 3-years, Waitrose, Aldi and Lidl have taken a combined 3.5 points from competition, equating to  £4.4Billion in sales per year, (Kantar Worldpanel, 2014). Taking an international look, while Wal-Mart did record a small drop on the 12th March, over the 6-month period its shares are up 3%, given its exposure to the U.S economy, which has been performing strongly, supported by consumer spending. Summary While the recovery in the UK economy will present opportunities for Tesco Plc, given its exposure to consumer spending through an extensive product offering, major headwinds remain as the continued expansion of discounters pose a real threat, contrary to the thoughts of Tesco management. Furthermore the price-wars between major retailers commence once again for the shrinking middle-ground of the market, margins are expected to be hit. This has the potential to derail Tesco’s expansion plans, which will impact on future performance given aggressive competition. References BBC Business (2014) [Online]: Morrison’s restructuring sparks fears of new price war, UK, BBC News. Bloomberg (2014) [Online]: Share Price Data, Available at bloomberg.com/markets/, Accessed 27/03/2014. Financial Times (2014) [Online]: Tesco Plc, Available at http://markets.ft.com/research/Markets/Tearsheets/Summary?s=TSCO:LSE, Accessed 27/03/2014. Fitch Rating (2014): Morrison’s price cuts to pressure Tesco; margins at risk, UK, Fitch Ratings Agency. Kantar Worldpanel (2014): Unprecedented change in grocery retailing, UK, Kantar Worldpanel. Tesco (2013): Annual Review 2013, UK, Tesco Plc.

Home and School Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Home and School Relationship - Essay Example In order to obtain detailed information concerning classroom processes I interviewed the teacher. She provided useful information and structure sheets that I used to learn about the relationship between the families of students and school. Parental Communication On the first day I noticed a table labeled â€Å"The Parent Communication Table.† This table was located near the front door where the parents could see it while bringing the kids to school. On this table there were information sheets available to keep the parents updated on school events, tutoring programs, weekly newsletters, and financial assistance. This newsletter also included activities that the parents and children could do at home. One of my favorite informational resources within the newsletter was the parent bulletin board. As another way to help parents stay updated, it provides advice for working parents about how to balance their job with their child’s learning. In addition, the teacher puts commun ication letters in her children’s green take-home folders. She said that this helped to ensure that the student’s parents received the letters because the children had to bring the folders back signed. The teachers also used other methods to communicate with the parents, such as through email, phone, and notes on STI. STI is a state-run internet program that offers information on the kid’s behavior, grades, and any school communication currently available. The teacher I interviewed said that email was the best way to deliver information and maintain good communication with parents. Unfortunately, this method is entirely successful as this school had a high number of students from low income families which means that some parents have no access to computers. The teacher also informed me that all of her children have information cards. She also uses the information cards to teach the kids their names, parent’s name(s), address, and phone numbers. By the com bination of tools and techniques employed, it is clear that ‘Best Practice’ methods were being used in this classroom to enhance communication between the parents and teachers. I read in an article entitled, â€Å"8 Tips for Elementary School Success† by Koup-Larsen and Stopper (2011) which stated that good communication with parents helps both the teacher and the children. I believe that it is the parents that are best equipped to tell a teacher about their child’s learning behaviors and I will make sure to provide a well-structured communication system to keep my parents informed. According to Dworkin, Gonzalez, Gengler, and Olsen (2010) in â€Å"Using Newsletters to Improve Parent’s Communication with Their Early Adolescents†, they conducted a survey which involved testing 77 parents in five states to see the effectiveness of newsletters. This study showed that newsletters could be useful in transporting information back to the parents. Di versity in the Classroom In this classroom of 17 students there was only one student with a learning disability. This child has a type of speech impairment, but is not singled out due to this during any of the group activities. When I interviewed the teacher she said that the student works best in small groups with other children. She also told me that he has a speech-language pathologist that works with him one hour every day. The speech-language pathologist teaches the child how to pronounce words and how to better socialize with

Brief a case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brief a case - Assignment Example She appealed to the Supreme Court California, which reversed the sentence. The legal question presented to the Supreme Court was if it was known that a certain group of defendants was negligent but not clear specifically who was directly responsible, can a plaintiff sue the main companies involved as per the market share statistics? The Supreme Court determined that the plaintiff could recover against the manufacturers that are already known with respect to the market share concept. The Supreme Court added that for such a case to suffice, the plaintiff must present a number of the main distributors. However, if the defendant could prove that they were not responsible for the harm caused, then they could be dismissed from the case. The reasoning used here was that the defendants should not be let off simply because the plaintiff does not have a way of identifying those responsible. In addition, in such sensitive cases as medication, the consumer is deemed helpless to protect themselves from any harm that may come from the drugs that they take. The defendant s would also be in a better position to bear the cost of an injury that results from manufacturing of a defective drug. This was a trademark infringement case where Coca-Cola Company was seeking to enjoin Koke Company of America from continuing to use the word ‘Koke’ in their products. On the defense, Koke maintained that using Coca-Cola name in its brands the Coca-Cola Company represented usage of cocaine in its products. From the side of the Coca-Cola Company, it should retain the usage of this name. This came as a result of increased sales by the Coca-Cola Company implying that this company did not want to share any work which sounded similar to the one it used (Clarkson et al. 157). The case was ruled against Coca-Cola Company, which appealed to the U.S Supreme Court. The legal question presented before